Custom is an accepted way of behaviour or doing things in a society or community. It can be a practice, a habit, a way of living or performance. Usually when learned men do something, others follow the same.
Customs begin when a society recognizes a set of rules intended for its common benefit. High-quality thoughts, ideologies and conduct rules are thus made customs through continuous practice and precedence. Customs teach mankind how to lead a life filled with truth, kindness, duty, love, devotion and affection. When these customs get the backing and support of religions they become unbreakable. These noble virtues are enabled him to watch and follow rules and rituals of neighboring locality/country and accept whatever practices are good for his community. Hence, the desire of the people to keep such belief and practice without error and omissions will persist.
The ruling pattern of Kerala was based on Hindu principles and practices. The Kerala rulers accepted the code rules of the ancient books and the precedence followed as the basis for their administration. It was also believed that one who rejected the customs would not attain purity forever even though he was a scholar in four vedas and six vedangas.
Many communities belonging to Hindu religion inherited several Shodasacharas (16 customs from pregnancy to death) of Brahmins (Namboothiris). The only difference is that Brahmins practice them with hymns and rituals. However, the customs like untouchability, matrilineal system, Thalikettu Marriage, Sambandham, Pulappedi (a malevolent custom) etc. came to an end. Other practices are still in force without major changes. To a certain extent, they got modified periodically in due course of time
The important customs and rituals of Hindu community are described alphabetically:

Aachamanam

A daily practice of Brahmins to keep their body pure is known as Achamanam.

Acharabhasha (language used to address higher ups)

The language used by the lower caste while talking to higher caste is known as Acharabhasha. This type of language is to be followed compulsory when conversing with higher ups, landlords, officers, nobles and rules.

Acharakallyanam (Betrothal)

Acharakallyanam is the betrothal marriage of Thandan community. The relatives of bridegroom visit the bride’s residence for fixing the auspicious date and time of marriage is the function.

Acharappanam (advance payment)

Acharappanam is the term of bride price paid to the parents of bride by the bridegroom’s parents. Asari, Kollan (Karuvan) Kakkalan, Kallady communities practiced the system. Once the Acharappanam is accepted, the bridegroom has right over the girl even if the marriage is not solemnised.

Adhanam

This is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Adhanam is a rite performed as an extension of Oupaasanam and an introduction to Sroutha rites to be performed in future life.

Adiyanthiram

The function in connection with marriage and funeral are known as Adiyanthiram. Any auspicious ceremony, which includes a ritual, is called Adiyanthiram. Grand feast is an integral part of Adiyanthiram.

Akakoima (temple administrators)

A group of office bearers entrusted with the administration of temples is called Akakoima. The other two categories were Purakoimma and Melkoima. Akakoima has to concentrate on the routine affairs of the temples.

Akshara pooja (worship of letters)

Akshara (words or letters) pooja is a function during Navarathri period (September-October) to worship letters. Navarathri is a festival of nine days observed by Sakthi worshippers in the month of Kanni. Akshara pooja is performed on Vijayadashami day. On that day members of the family will take their bath and sit in the hall. A nilavilakku (holy lamp) will be lit before them. White sand will be spread in front of each person. The head of the family will chant prayer and other will repeat. After that, each and every one will write Harisree Ganapathaye Namaha; Aviknamasthu in the sand before them followed by vowels and consonants. After writing, the sand removed and placed on housetop. The custom of writing letters on paper and tearing of it and placing on housetop is also there. They will take their drinks only after completing the above work. Instead of sand, the practice of using rice in silver vessels and then writing letters is also prevalent. Akshara pooja was also conducted when children were first placed for writing letters and this ritual is known as Vidyarambhom (starting of formal education). Heavy rush is experienced for Vidyarambhom function at Thunchan Parambu at Thirur, Chittoor Thunchan Madam (the samadhi place of Thunchathu Ezhuthachan), Sree Mookambika Temple at Kollur (Near Mangalore), Thiruvallakkavu near Thrissur, Sarawathy Temple, Panachikkad near Kottyam. Not only Hindus, but people belonging to other religions also used to attend Viyarambhom function. Christians used to write Daivom Thunakkuka (God help us) instead of Hari Sri Ganapathaye Namaha; Aviknamasthu. Muslims write verses from Qur’an on the right hand palm with black ink on a day before Bakrid festival.

Ammakazcha and Appakazcha (presentation of cakes, sweets etc)

On the 7th day after marriage, parents of bridegroom send appam (special rice cakes made of molasses, coconut, ghee and other sweet ingredients) to the bride’s house. This ritual is known as Ammakazcha. In return, parents of bride send appam and other recipe to the bridegroom’s house on the 14th day after the marriage, is known as Appakazcha. Paraya community follows these rituals.

Aparakriya / Seshakriya (After death rituals)

Aparakriya is the ritual to be performed by the hirers of a deceased person from his cremation day to the end of pula (death pollutuion).
Ammayiyappam (Sweet Recipes from Mother-in-law) When a mother visits the house of her son-in-law she has to bring special food items with her. This was an unavoidable custom of earlier period. This was known as Ammayiyappam. Ammayiyappam food packet will contain sweets known as Neyyappam, Pottiyappam, kunhikalathappam, kuzhalappam and ripened nendran banana. Rich mothers brought the items in large vessels and other in baskets. This custom was prevalent in Tellichery and Kannur areas of Malabar.

Ammayiyonam (Onam with Mother-in-law)

In the matrilineal family there was a system to bring the wife to the house of the husband on the Avittam asterism day during onam festival. This practice was in force in Valluvanad Taluk of Malabar. The day was celebrated as Ammayiyonam.

Angam (Duel)

When disputes between people were not solved by the Tharakootam (the local assembly) or Nattukoottam (the assembly of a desom or taluk), it was sorted out in open fight by members of special community. This ancient custom prevalent in Kerala was known as Angam.

Annaprasanam (first rice feeding ceremony)

Annaprasanam is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Annaprasanam is the Choroonu, the first rice feeding ceremony. The child is served with a mixture of ghee and honey, followed by rice. It is performed in the 6th month.

Anthiuzhichil (Removal of Evil Spirits)

A ritual performed to remove evil spirit(s) from the body. The leaf of ‘koovalam’ will be put in a vessel containing a solution of lime and turmeric. A lit wick will be taken in hand. Firstly seven uzhicil were taken with the vessel. Later the wick will be placed in the edge of vessel and the uzhichil will be repeated for seven times. After that the solution with the wick and leaf will be poured out in the northern end of house plot and the empty vessel placed up side down.

Anuloma Vivaham (Marriage with a lower caste)

Anuloma Vivaham is the practice of wooing a low caste woman by a man of higher caste. It was not prohibited in ancient Kerala, while vice-versa (Prathiloma Vivaham) was prohibited.

Arppu vili (Shouting of happiness)

It is an expression of happiness on the birth of male child. The words “Aarappee…ire….” are shouted during marriage and other happy functions also.

Arathamuzhiyuka

Arathamuzhichil is a function performed on the arrival of bridegroom to the house of bride after marriage and vice versa. The eldest lady member of the family will mix lime and turmeric in a vessel and make it as red colour. A lit wick will be placed on the banana leaf. Using the vessel and wick, the bridegroom / bride will be subjected to uzhichil (waiving the vessel) three times. After that the contents of the vessel will poured out at a distance place. The purpose of this ritual is to safeguard the bridegroom/bride from evil spirits.

Ashirvadam (Blessing)

Ashirvadam is the blessings given by elders and Gurus to those who bow before them on auspicious occasions.

Ashta Mangalyam (Eight Holy Materials)

Ashta (eight) mangalyam (marriage or other holy occasions) consists of eight articles that carried on a large metal plate or bronze vessel for offerings. Asta mangalyam are prepared in different ways. (1) Rice, paddy, tailed mirror, sandal, reddish kumkum, khajel, Grandh (book) and washed clean cloth. (2) Nira (paddy), Nazhi (rice), mirror, flower vessel, vilakku (small holy lamp), adorned girl, gold. (3) Paddy, rice, betel wine, areca nut, coconut, jaggery, banana and vilakku (small holy lamp). (4)Nirapara, Vilakku, mirror, gold, coconut, curd, book, cheppu (small pot). Brahmin, cow, fire, gold, ghee, adithyan (sun), water, king are also considered as Ashtamanglyams.

Ashtaka

A ritual performed by the Namboodiris to please their ancestors is known as Ashtaka. It is a type of ancestral worship.

Ashtavivahangal (Eight types of marriages)

Brahmam: The practice where father gives his daughter to a Brahmachari (bachelor) without any reward.
Daivam: Father gives his daughter to a priest with gold ornaments. Aarsham: Father gives his daughter after accepting cows and bullocks.
Prajapathyam:Father gives his daughter to man by saying “You may live with her by observing code rules”.
Gandharvam: A lover takes his lady without consulting the relatives and performs the rituals. Aasuram: Here a man buys a woman from her parents. Rakshasam: The practice of taking a girl by force after defeating here parents and relatives. Paishacham: Here a girl is forcefully made as wife when she is unconscious.

Athyavasyam kodukkuka (Giving essentials)

The custom of giving essential items for dressing, bathing, frying and cooking to the wife house by the husband during the eve of Onam and Vishu festivals is known as Athyavazyam Kodukkuka. This custom was prevalent in the matrilineal society. The status of women was assessed depending on the quantum and value of the materials so received.

Avarohanam (crowning)

Avarohanam means to perform “sthanarohanam” which denotes the crowning to a position.

Avarohanam of Irinjalakuda Thachudaya Kaimal

The avarohanam of Thachudaya Kaimal as the ‘Adhikari’ of Koodal Manikya Temple of Irinjalakuda was a political ritual. Though the temple is situated in erstwhile Kochi State, the Raja of erstwhile Travancore State nominated the Thachudaya Kaimal. One among the nairs was selected as Kaimal. After ‘avarodham’ he will get a higher status and position over and above the Brahmins. The Namboothiris (Kerala Brahmins) used to hold umbrella for the Kaimal. Only one wooden plank was provided for the Namboodiris whereas two were required for the Kaimal to sit.

Ayitham (untouchability)

Ayitham was a custom – rather a malevolent custom – prevalent in the society during the rigidness of caste system. The word Ayitham means dirt. The people belonging to upper caste practiced this to the lower caste. Not only touch but even passing nearby will also causes Ayitham. Fixed distance between each caste was there to keep away from the upper caste. When a Nair touch or pass near by a Brahmin it will cause Ayitham. Immediate bathing is the only solution. The funeral will also cause Ayitham. A person who has already touched a low caste happens to touch another, which may also cause Ayitham. Ayitham by seeing a lower caste person was also prevalent. ‘Mannan’ and ‘Panan’ castes have to give way to Theeyas/Izhavas. ‘Pulayan’ and ‘Parayan’ have to give way to ‘Mannan’ and ‘Panan’. A low caste person should not go near a pond where higher caste persons take bath. If he or she goes it will cause Ayitham to the higher caste. Logan says that Nayadis, Pulayans, Kanisans and Mukkuvans should keep 72 feet, 64 feet, 32 feet and 24 feet respectively from upper class. Every one took special care not to cause Ayitham. When Nambooiris and their ladies walk, the helpers will make loud noise like “yahe…. yahe….” or “ho…ho…” as a warning to the lower caste to keep awary from their path. This practice was known as ‘Theendappad’. Lower caste people also practised the same custom. They will shout “aey…aey…” so that the upper caste will keep away from the path. They considered this as their duty. The low caste had no right to go near the bathing place of upper caste. The males should not look at the female who had their menses. Separate seats were provided in schools for the children belonging to lower caste. Nobody except Brahmins had the right to worship in temples by ringing the bell. The doctors belonging to the same caste had the right to treat the patient. Namboodiries can marry Nair girls, but should not touch the children born in such ladies. Even the dead bodies will be subjected to Ayitham if touched by lower caste. To identify the low castes easily, it was ordered that they should keep their body portion above waist as naked. They should not wear any kind of special dress, footwear, umbrella or ornaments. Only the Brahmins had the right to carry umbrellas. Other should not carry umbrellas even if it rained heavily. A low caste woman will take off her cloth from shoulder to show respect to a higher caste. Women observed the custom and practice more rigidly. Naboodiries can eat the food prepared by the Kshathriya but their women cannot. In the Nair communiy men used to take food from outside but their females cannot. In early stages both the higher and lower castes had a general belief and understanding about these practices. They considered these practices as a part of the day-to-day life like taking food or bath. But during later stages, matters have changed. The low cast turned against and protested against considering them as low. They quarreled, sued and shouted. The higher caste still observed Ayitham. Modern generation will think that these are fabricated stories. But they are real facts. Today there is no such evil practice like Ayitham is observed. Its observance is a criminal offence.

Chatham

Chatham is the oblation to the names of deceased ancestors. Chatham is the conversational form of 'Sradham'. This is a custom done in homes every year for the blessings of dead souls of the family. This can be done on the day of the star or thidhi in which the death had taken place. All members of the family have to participate in the function. There are four types of Chathams viz.,
(i) Chadanginale, (ii) Chathichittu, (iii)Chathikkathe, and (iv) Danam.

Choroonu (first rice feeding)

The ceremony of giving rice food to the newborn baby for the first time is called choroonu. Usually this is done on the sixth month after birth. Some do this on 8th 10th or 12th month. This function is arranged in temples or in homes on an auspicious day.

Choulam

Choulam is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Choulam is the tonsure ceremony. The child's first haircut is performed during the 3rd, 5th, 7th year or later but before the Upanayanam. In earlier days, boys were provided with a tuft; but nowadays there is no such practice.

Dakshina

The reward given to priests for performing pooja or sradham is known as Dakshina. On birthdays the temple priests are also given dakshina. Betel wine (3 Nos), areca nut and coins are usually used to pay the dakshina. Cloth, flower and garland are also given. The practice of giving dakshina to the Gurus and Asans (teachers) were also there.

Desamvalath

The practice of taking temple idol on the top of elephant around a locality at the time of temple festival is known as Desamvalath.

Dwadashi

Dwadashi is the next day of the Ekadashy. The Ekadashy vrutha (penance) ends on the Dwadashi morning.

Eettupula

Eettupula is the period prescribed to observe post delivery pollution. It is also known as Valayma. Each community observes this custom for a period varying from seven to forty days.

Ekadashy

Ekadashy is the eleventh day after a full moon or a new moon day. Hindus observed the day with religious rituals and they observe vrutha (penance) on the day (thidhi) with a view to attain salvation after death. Five types of ‘ekadashy’ are there. Shayanaikadashy: The ‘ekadashy’ that comes in the full moon period of the month ‘Karkidakom’. It is believed that during this period Lord Vishnu begins his four month long sleep. Udhanaikadashy: The suklapaksha edkadashy during the month of Karthika when the deep sleep of Lord Vishnu ends. Parivarthana ekadashy: The suklapaksha ekadashy of the month of Proshtapada. Swargavathil Ekadashy: The swargavathil ekadashy is in the month of Dhanu. Lord Sri Krishna recited Bhagavat Gita to Arjuna on that day. Besides this, the Guruvayur Ekadashy (suklapaksha of Vrichikom), Tripayar Ekadashy, Thiruvillwamala Ekadashy (in Kumbhom), Kadavallur Ekadashy and Nelluvay Ekadashy are also important. Among these, Guruvayur Ekadashy is most important.

Ethamiduvikkuka

This is a form of punishment. Touching the left ear with the right arm and the right ear with the left arm one has to bend himself and then stand erect. The elbow has to touch the ground. This has to be repeated several times. This was the main type of punishment in schools in olden times. In temples, devotees themselves do this practice to forgive their sins.

Ethirelpu (Welcome)

Ethirelpu is a function of welcoming nobles and dignitaries by advancing forward. At the time of marriage, bridegroom will be welcomed so in the bride’s residence and bride in the bridegroom’s residence. This will be accompanied by kurava, ashtamangalyam and deepam.

Ettangadi chudal

A function organised by women on the day before Thiruvathira in the month Dhanu. The tubers will be roasted and added with coconut, banana and cowpea and offered to Lord Siva and Parvathy.

Ezharashani (Misery period of seven and half years)

This is the travel path of ‘Shani’ (Saturn) at the time of birth of an individual from the place of the moon to its second and twelfth place. This lasts for seven and half years. According to astrologers this period will bring bad results. In general the Saturn period is considered to be very bad. If it is ezharashani, it will be still worse.

Ezhunnallthu (Procession)

The temple procession conducted on festival days with the idol of the God usually on the top of an elephant. In traditional temples musical instruments will also be played on this occasion by accompanying men.

Ezhuthiniruthuka

Ezhuthiniruthuka is the practice of initiating a child for the first time to writing and reding. On the Vijayadashami day it is widely practiced and on other days it is done only after deciding the auspicious time and place. It is commonly performed in Saraswathy temples, Thirur Thunchan Parambu, Chitoor Thunchan Mutt etc. Some do the function in their home itself. This function is also done at Sreemookambila Temple at Kollur (Karnataka), Panachikkad Saraswathy temple near Kottayam, Chottanikkara temple at Ernakulam and Thiruvullakkavu Sastha temple at Thrissur. Not only Hindus, but people belonging to other religions also do this function. Christians used to write Daivom Thunakkuka (God help us) instead of Hari Sri Ganapathaye Namaha; Aviknamasthu. Muslims write verses from Qur’an on the right hand palm with black ink on a day before Bakrid festival (Also see Aksharapooja).

Grihapravesam (House Warming ceremony)

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The first entry of family members in a newly constructed house is known as Grihapravesam. An auspicious day will be fixed for the house warming and the function commence with the boiling of milk inside the new house. Ganapathy homam and Bhagavatjy seva are also conducted on that day. The ceremonious entry of the bride to the bridegroom's house after marriage is also known as Grihapravesam.

Jaathakarma

Jathakarma is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Jathakarma means writing of Horoscope. It has to be performed immediately on delivery, preferably within 36 hours.

Jathakaporutham (Matching of horoscope)

Before deciding a matrimonial alliance, the horoscopes of the man and lady will be compared to ascertain whether the couple will be a perfect match. If two horoscopes are agreeable to each other the marriage will be fixed.

Jyolsya Viswasam (Belief in astrology)

The belief in astrology is another factor like custom, which links the minds of people and fills aspirations in them. Astrology is one of the oldest sciences practiced in India. Whenever a child is born, horoscope is written. The horoscope will contain all the particulars of the individual beginning from birth to death. It will also indicate both the minor as well as major incidents in one's life, good things and dangerous situations etc. In short, it is believed that the day-to-day life is closely related to astrology. It is believed that Saturday and Wednesday are not suitable to begin treatment or diagnose a disease. Astrology also described the does and don'ts from sunrise to moonrise, eclipse, morning and evening.

Kakkapula

Annual ancestral worship performed by Paraya community is called Kakkapula.

Karkidaka Vavu

The new moon day in the month of Karkidakom (July-August) is the Karkidaka Vavu. This is famous for bali (paying homage) to the departed soul of ancestors. It is believed that the souls will attain it is believed if bali is performed on this day. It is the first Amavasi of Dakshinayanam. The first Amavasi of Utharayanam comes in the month of Makaram (January-February). The first is related to fathers and latter to Gods. Therefore, Karkidaka Vavu became famous for performing bali to ancestors. Thousands of people will throng on the riverbanks and beaches to offer holy prayers and bali for the departed souls of their fathers. In north Kerala, it is believed that the dead souls will visit the homes on the day of Karkidaka Vavu. The relatives will prepare Ada (sweet rice cake) and wait for the arrival of the soul.

Kandakassani (Misery period)

Astrologically, Kandakassani is the period of travel of Shani (Saturn) in the Chandralegna or its 4th, 7th or 10th Bhavas. This is termed as a most miserable period. Grief, illness, exile from native region, poverty, and defamation are the results. It is believed that Kandakasshani may take away the life ultimately.

Kani (first sight of day)

The person or thing, which one sees immediately after awakening from sleep in the early morning, is known as ‘kani’. It is believed that the result of the day will depend upon this view. The ‘Vishu’ celebrations start with ‘kani’, which will be arranged in each home to be seen by all members of the family in the early morning.

Kanneru (Black eye)

This is only a belief that adverse effects will happen if some people look and make comments on any agriculture crop or new buildings under construction or any other beautiful objects or beings. It is otherwise known as ‘drishtipadam’, ‘drishtibadha’,’karimkannu’, and ‘nokkudosham’. In order to save them from the ‘Karimkannanmar’ (black-eyed persons), vulgar models were exhibited in the crop fields, in front of new constructions etc. Another trouble related to ‘Kanneru’is ‘Naveru’. These persons are usually black tongued also.

Kannok

When relatives go to the house where death occurred, they used to take betel vine, tobacco, avil (beaten rice), sharkara (jaggery), and banana. This is known as Kannok.

Karnavedham

Karnavedham is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Karnavedham is the ceremony of ear-boring or otherwise known as Kathukuthal. Karnavedham is done for both boys and girls on an auspicious day.

Kathukuthal (ear-boring)

Kathukuthal (Karnavedham) is the ear-boring ceremony, which takes place during the first year of birth. The Kathukuthu of children was celebrated as a great festival in olden days. This custom is practiced in different forms by different castes. Generally this function is arranged when the children attain the age of four or five. A gold or copper wire or thorn of lime tree is to pierce the bottom middle portion of the ear usuallyby a Thattan (goldsmith).

Kattichatham

Annual ancestral worship performed by Pulaya community is called Kattichatham.

Kesantham

Kesantham is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Kesantham is a rite to remove the tuft from the head of a boy.

Kettukalyanam

Kettukalyanam was a custom prevalent among the matrilineal family of ancient times. This was a function of tying thali to the girls by an elderly person. He had no other relation with the girl. It is also known as Thalikalyanam. The thalikettu was arranged before the girl attained puberty. The age of 7, 9 or 11 were considered best for thalikettu. If thalikettu was not done before the girl attained puberty, it was considered as a disgrace to the family. Kettukalyanam was arranged by erecting huge pandals in front of the house and by serving feast according to the status and financial position of the family. The function will last for four days. Auspicious day will be fixed for thalikettu. Relatives will be invited for the function. At the fixed time, the girl in new dresses will be brought to the decorated pandal and thalikettu will be done in front of Nirapara and Nilavilakku. Kettukalyanam and marriage are different. The real marriage functions of Nairs’ were very simple. This was known as Pudavakoda. The bridegroom reaches the house of the bride in the fixed hour along with his close relatives and gives pudava (cloth) to the bride in front of Nirapara and Nilavilakku. The customs of thalikettu, exchange of rings exchanging floral garlands etc. that prevalent now were not practiced in olden days. As matrilineal system was in vogue the children had no right in their father’s property. The Namboodiries (Kerala Brahmin) and Ambalavasis practiced the Sambandham marriage. These may be the reason for the Pudavakoda being performed as a simple function. Kettukalyanam gradually came to an end with the abolition of matrilineal system and financial deterioration of families.

Kettunira

Kettunira or Kettumurukku is one of the procedures of Sabarimala pilgrims. This was performed before leaving for Sabarimala.

Kidakkakalyanam

Kidakkakalyanam is a system of marriage resembling Pudamuri. This was in practice at Palakkd and Chittoor. Instead of giving cloth to the bride as in Pudamuri, here money is given. All other functions are same as that of Pudamuri. (Also see Pudamuri).

Koottam (Public Forum)

Kootam was a public forum organised to discuss and solve public issues. There were many forms of Kootams like Sabha, Tharakootam, Deshakootam, Nattukootam etc. People obeyed the decisions taken in such Kootams.

Koppukodukkal

The grocery and vegetables given by the husband to wife’s house in the matrilineal system during Onam and Thiruvathira is known as Koppukodukkal. The status of the matrilineal society is assessed depending upon the quantity of Koppukodukkal.

Madhuram kodukkuka (Giving sweets)

The practice of giving milk and fruit to the bride and bridegroom immediately after marriage in front of a lit nilavilakku (holy lamp) is known as Madhuram kodukkuka.

Marumakkathayam (Matrililineal System)

The Marumakkathaayam is the matrilineal system of inheritance The social set up of Nairs is matrilineal or 'marumakkathayam' system that is different from the rest of Kerala. It is exceptional in the sense that it was one of the few traditional systems that gave women liberty, and right to property. Under this system, women enjoyed respect, prestige and power. Though the inheritance and descent through female line was in force in some parts of India, it was the Nairs of Kerala who maintained the system in its letter and spirit.In the Marumakkathyam system, the family lived together in a tharavadu, which comprised of a mother, her brothers and younger sisters, and her children. The oldest brother was known as the Karanavar and was the head of the household and he managed the family estate. Lineage was traced through the mother, and the children "belonged" to the mother's family. All family property was jointly owned. In the event of a partition, the shares of the children were clubbed with that of the mother.
Some historians believe that the Marumakkathaayam system started after the Chera-Chola wars during the second Chera Empire, as Nairs lost most of their men during the war. The popularity of 'Sambandha' marriage paved the way for matrilineal inheritance system. This system became popular among the Nairs and Kshathriyas first. In the Sambandha marriage, the sons of a family used to reside in the mothers family. At the same time the husband's sister and her sons used to reside within the family. The sons could not reach in time to perform funeral rites of the father as they are living far away. Then the nephew performs the funeral rites. It was an old custom that the right of property shall go to those who perform the funeral rites. When nephew performs the funeral rites, he became the owner of the land held by his uncle. Slowly the sons were expelled from the funeral rites as well as from the right over the property.
The excessive influence of Karanavan's wife in family affairs very often resulted in family feuds. The youngsters of the family disliked the dominance of the Karanavans. This has resulted in the disruption of family relations. Progressive minded among them criticized this dominance. The Travancore Nair Act of 1912 came into existence as a result of this feud. The joint family system was reshaped and the right of ownership on family property was restored to all through the law. Half of the property of father will go to his children and half to his nephews, according to this law. By the Second Nair Act of 1925 the right of the latter on his uncles property was completely withdrawn. The Kochi Nair Regulation of 1921 laid down conditions for sharing of properties and exercised control over the powers of the Karanavar. The duty of protecting wife and children in the nair family became the responsibility of the male member. Though the Kochi Nair Act of 1938 the matrilineal system of inheritance was withdrawn completely. The Malabar Marriage Act of 189 and the Madras Marumakkathaya Act of 1933 brought changes in the joint family system of Malabar also. By 1967 the joint family system began to disappear from Kerala. The Kerala Joint Family System (Prohibition Act) of 1975 was passed by the Kerala Legislature Assembly, which ultimately put an end to the system.
In Marumakkathayam system the females and children were safe and secure. The protection and independence enjoyed by the nair women in the matrilineal joint family system was lacking in other systems. She was able to live a happy and settled life after marriage without changing her residence to husband's home and facing difficulties there. The future of her children was safe in the hands of the Karanavar. Divorce or widowhood was not a burden to her. She had the full right to abandon a husband whom she disliked.
Sri. Krishna Chaithanya observes, "Anthropologists, especially foreigners, still keep a lost memory of the matrilineal inheritance system of Kerala. Though it was a basic economic system of the past, the Nair community still believes that they have some responsibility and should do justice to the children of their sisters as like their own children."

Mothiram Maral (ring exchange)

The practice of exchanging the finger rings by the bridegroom and bride at the time of marriage. Sometimes, this is done before marriage also.

Naamakarana

Naamamkarana is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Namakarana is the naming ceremony of the newborn baby. It is held on the 11th day after birth. Namakarana is also performed by certain other Hindu castes also for christening a child on the 28th day of birth.

Nair kuri

Nairs have to apply kuri (using bhasma-holy powder) in five places in the body. In the forehead, in two arms, chest and just above abdomen.

Namaskaram

Namaskaram is the salutation before Gods and Gurus (teachers). The arms, legs, chest and forehead should touch the ground while offering Namaskaram. The Soorya Namaskaram performed in the morning is good for health.

Nimithangal

Unexpected happenings at the time of starting a journey or performing a work are known as Nimithangal.

Nira

An agricultural festival celebrated in Karkidakom (July-August) after the harvest of Virippu. It is also known as Illamnira, Nira, Nirapooja etc. Illamnira at Guruvayur temple is famous.

Nirapara

Nirapara is used for holy functions. Nirapara is prepared using a bunch of coconut flower and a para (cylindrical measuring jar or vessel) of paddy grains. It is an indispensable item for pooja, marriage and other sacred functions.

Nishkramanom

Nishkramanom is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Nishkramanom is the ceremony of taking the child out of the house for the first time. An auspicious day after the fourth month of birth is fixed for the performance of this rite. Father of the child has to perform the rite.

Nithyanidanam

Nithyanidanam is the daily functions in a temple. They include Niramala, Chuttuvilakku (arrangment of lights around the temple) , Chandanam charth(application of sandal paste in the idol) etc.

Onnam Thiyathi Kootam (Meeting of the first day of month)

The meeting and feast conducted by the people of a locality who assemble in the temple on the first of every month is called Onnam Thiyathi Kootam. They review the programmes undertaken during the bygone month and formulate plans to be carried out in the coming month. The meeting will last till evening.

Orikkal

A vrutha (penance) performed by taking food only once in a day. Saturdays, Mondays and Thursdays are selected for observing this vrutha. The thidis of Sashti and Vavu are also preferred. Orikkal is observed During Shivarathri and Mahanavami days also.

Pallikettu

The bundle of offerings to Lord Ayyappa carried by pilgrims who go for Sabarimala pilgrimageis known as Pallikettu. It is also known as Irumudikettu.

Palukudy / Noolukettu

Palukudy or noolukettu is a function organised on the 28th day after birth of a child. Palukudy, noolukettu and choroonu are important for the newborn babies. Though the second and third (Noolukettu and Choroonu) functions are being followed today, the first (Palukudy) is not common. On 28th day of birth the child will be bathed and placed on the lap of Grandfather/Karanavar. Five small bells and a small pipe made of Panchaloha (five metals – gold, silver, copper, iron and lead) will be attached in a chord (gold string is also used) and tied around the waist of the child. This function is known as Noolukettu. It is believed that on the 28th day the child is taken to the possession of the Tharavad from the father. After Noolukettu the Karanavar or mother will give milk to the child three times using a spoon or spoon like thing made of jack tree leaf. Then the Karanavar spell the name of the child silently for three times. The name will not be disclosed till the end of Choroonu function.

Panigrahanam

Panigrahanam is an important function of a marriage. The bride and bridegroom will join their right hands and walk around the temple or marriage mandapam (place where marriage takes place).

Parappedi and Pulappedi

Parappedi and Pulappedi were malevolent customs prevailing in ancient Kerala. In South Kerala it is known as Parappedi and in north Kerala as Pulappedi. In certain days when low caste people belonging to Pulaya or Paraya community happens to see the women of higher caste or throw stones at them, that woman will be ostracized.

Pathamudayam (Tenth holy day)

The 10th day of the month Thulam (October-November) and Medam (April-May) are known as Pathamudayam. Pathamudayam of Tulam is known as Thulapath and that of Medam is known as Medapath. Both are important for agricultural operations. The importance of Vishu festival will last till the Pathamudayam.

Pathinaru (Sixteenth day)

Pathinaru is one of the funeral rituals. It is conducted on the sixteenth day after death.

Pathirapoochoodal

Pathirapoochoodal is an important function connected with Thiruvathira. At Thiruvathira midnight, after taking bath, Kerala women used to wear dashapushpam (flower). Consequent on the decline of matrilineal system, Thiruvathira festival as well as the function of Pathirapoochoodal is also vanishing.

Pennukanal

The practice of bridegroom seeing the bride before marriage is fixed is known as Pennukanal. The bridegroom, his relatives including his uncle father, mother and friends will come to the bride’s residence and see her.

Porutham (matching)

To compare the likeness of the horoscopes of bride and bridegroom before marriage is called porutham nokkuka. Though there are 23 such likings (porutham) factors, only 10 are considered as important. They are (1) Mahandra Porutham, (2) Yoni Porutham, (3) Dina Poruham, (4) Rashi Porutham, (5) Rasyadhi Porutham, (6) Vashya Porutham, (7) Gana Porutham, (8) Sthree Deergha Porutham, (9) Rajju and (10) Vedam. Besides the above, Ayavyaya Porutham, Mana Porutham, Nasika Porutham, Ayuporutham are also there. In addition to this, Papa Samyam is also looked into.

Pirannal (birthday)

The birthday celebration conducted once in a year when the birth star (day) comes. The first birthday will be on the 28th day after birth. Following this, every year birthday is celebrated. It is known as Andupirannal.

Pithrupooja

Pithrupooja is the ancestral worship. It is also known as Sradham or Pindom or Pithrubali. Pithrupooja at Thirunelli, Thiruvallom and Rameswaram are famous. Special Pithrupooja is conducted at Thirunavaya, Varkala and Aluva on the day of Karkidakavavu and the vavu (no moon day) in Kumbhom (February-March) coming after Sivarathri.

Pradosham

Pradosham is a vrutha (penance) for appeasement of Lord Siva. It is believed that on Pradosha day Lord Siva dances as Nataraja. In the morning after taking bath, one has to go to Siva Temple for worship. In the day time upavasa is to be performed. In the dusk again they have to take bath and go to temple. In night after reading holy books the vrutha (penance) will come to an end. The Sani Pradosham (when Saturday and Pradosham come on the same day) is considered as most important. On that day offering prayer to Lord Siva with petal of Koovalam flower will bring contentment to the devotee.

Pudamuri (wedding)

Receiving ‘pudava’ which is a part of modern marriage Pudamuri is the marriage of nairs. It is also known by names Pudavakoda, Pudamurikallyanam and sambandham. In olden days, Kettukalyanam was celebrated in a grand scale. However, the real marriage, pudamuri was celebrated in a less expensive manner. A woman becomes a wife of a man when he gives a cloth (pudava) to her in front of a Nilavilakku (holy bell metal lamp with wicks) and in the presence of few witnesses.

Pula and Pulakuli

Pula (pollution) is compulsory to all. This is observed during birth as well as death. A few days coming after death of a close relative are considered as Pula. If one touches a person who has pula, he should immediately take a bath. During olden days all Hindus observe Pula for 10 days. Now different castes have different types of pula like Pathupula, Panthrandupula, Pathinarupula. The Nairs of North Malabar had a 12 days Pula. In south Malabar they observed it for 15 days. The bath taken to remove pula is known as Pulakuli rite. The priest who authorised to do the funeral rites spray holy water on the heads of people who are having pula and they should take bath and wash their cloths.

Pulappedi-Parappedi-Mannappedi (Fear of touch by lower caste)

Pulappedi-Parappedi was a malevolent custom feared by all women of the upper castes especially Nairs. This custom created a fearful atmosphere in the Nair families of 19th century. Dreaded incidents were witnessed in the northern parts of Kerala and in Onattukara-Kuttanad areas during the months of February-March. The Naduvazhis (local rulers) permitted people belonging to the lower caste to enter the Kavus (worshipping centres / temples) and offer prayers during the festival days once in a year. They were permitted to take bath in the ponds intended for upper castes. They had the right to touch the women whom they meet on their way. The ladies who were thus touched by the lower castes have to go with them. They can never return to their own houses according to the rule of the community. This immoral practice was known as Pulappedi-Parappedi.

Pulikudy

Pulikudy or Pumsavanam is a pre-delivery ritual observed in the seventh month of pregnancy, which is considered as an important function during pre-delivery period. Among the Namboodiries, the husband gives a mixture of gram and curd to the pregnant wife for consumption. Among others, rice is cooked in the juice of tamarind leaves and given to the pregnant woman.

Pumsavanom

Pumsavanom is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Pumsavanom is performed on an auspicious day during the third month of pregnancy. Vedic chanting is recited to develop female fertility, to advise about the role of mother, and to avoid difficulties of pregnancy. The husband also gives a mixture of gram and curd to the pregnant wife.

Puthenthiruvathira

The first Thiruvathira coming after marriage is known as Puthenthiruvathira or Poothiruvathira. This is celebrated in the bride’s residence.

Sabarimala Vruthanushtanam

Sabarimala is a famous pilgrim centre. Lord Ayyappa otherwise known as ‘Kaliyuga Varadan’ is the chief deity of Sabarimala. It was considered as a holy act observe vrutha and to undertake Sabarimala pilgrimage. Those who observe such vruthas were called ‘Ayyappan’. Women were not allowed to undertake Sabarimala pilgrimage or to mount Sabarimala.

Sakunam (omens)

The belief that the omens that we see at the time of starting a journey influence its result was in force from the very early period itself. Certain things were considered as bad and others good. This is known as Sakunam Nokkal. There are good and bad Sakunams. If we see bad Sakunam we have to return back to the starting place, sit a while and continue the journey. Seeing a single Brahmin while commencing the journey is a bad omen, whereas two Brahmins is good. The things of omen are classified as follows in the Malabar Manual:
Good Omens: Curd, raw rice, honey, ghee of cow, lead, sulphur, metal filter, sound of bell, vilakku (lamp), lotus, karuka grass, raw fish, meat, grain powder, ripe furits, sweets.
Bad Omens: A handicapped person or blind, widow, salt, donkey, pieces of rope, broken vessels, screaming sounds, deep yelling, sneezing, cursing and sudden shivering and falling. A crow flying left or rightwards is a good omen. A black cat running or jumping across is bad. Flowers and bangles are good omens. A cow with rope is also a good omen.

Samaavarthanam

Samavarthanam is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Samaavarthanam is the occasion of the boy's return to normal life after education. It is performed after the age of 14 years.

Sambhandham

When Brahmins became the masters of temples, their political influence also strengthened. Gradually they became landlords. To maintain their property in tact and to avoid its division, they practiced the theory that the eldest of their son alone will marry from the same caste and others from Nair classes. This practice is known as Sambandham. Though Brahmins considered Sambandham as one of the 64 Anacharams (social do-nots), this type of alliance existed for centuries. Gradually Sambandham became common within Nair community also. However, the matrimonial alliance of females was not so rigid. Those who came into union with Brahmins maintained their moral values and kept their standards. The legal validity for Sambandham marriage came to an end with the enactment of the Nair Regulation Act of M.E.1100 (1924 A.D.). Up to this, there was no validity for their Sambandhams. The new regulation prohibited them to own and disown wives at their pleasure. Certain conditions were also laid out for divorce etc.
“Sambandham means simple nair marriage ceremony involving presentation of a cloth by a man to woman. In ancient Kerala it appears that both men and women could have Sambhandam with more than one person at the same time. Marriages contracted and ended with considerable ease. This was called Sambandham and a woman might have Sambandham with a number of men at the same time. Either man or woman could end the Sambandham with little formality” (Robin Jeffri, The Decline of Nayar Dominance).
“In a Namboothiri family, only the oldest brother was allowed to marry; he could marry up to four Namboothiri women. The younger brothers were allowed to enter into relationships with Nair women. The Nair woman would then have two husbands (a Nair and a Namboothiri) and in essence, a system of polyandry came into being. However, as a consequence of this practice, the number of Namboothiris declined and the number of Nairs increased because the children born in a Nair-Namboothiri marriage would belong to the Nair woman's family. The Sambandham practice was marginal and existed only for a short period of time. It does not exist today”. (Wikipedia)
Sambandham relates to Nair marriage. It is known so in South Malabar, Kozhikode, Ponnani, Kochi and in some parts of Travancore. The Sanskit words like Sambandham and Bandhavam came to common use after the Aryan domination. In earlier days marriage denoted the grand function organised on the eve of Thalikettu. The marriage among Nairs was usually called as Pudavakoda, Pudakamuri, Uzham Porukkal etc. Sambandham was known as Pudamuri, Uzhamporukkuka and Vidaram Kayaruka in North Malabar; Gunadhoshm in South Malabar and Kidakka Kalyanam in certain areas of Palakkad. The functions related to this were very simple. The bridegroom arrives in the bride’s residence on the appointed day and time along with his near relatives. The bride’s brother will wash the feet of the bridegroom and then he enters the padinjatta (main room of the house) and gave four or eight cloths, betel wine and areca nut to the bride. After food, the bride’s aunt leads the groom and bride to the Maniyara (room for the married couple). The groom will leave to his residence the next day or after one or two days. When he comes with his friends for the second time, the bride also will be taken to the groom’s residence either by himself or by the women of his family. It is interesting to note that the functions like Thalikettu (tying thali-gold ornament around bride’s neck) Mothiram aniyal (exchange of rings) and garlanding were not there in Pudavakoda. Those attending the functions will be less than twenty. The person who gave the pudava was known as Gunadoshakkaran. The Pudamuri of North Malabrar was celebrated in a grand manner. After comparing the horoscopes and fixing a date the bridegroom and his relatives and friends proceed to bride’s residence after sun set. The bride’s relatives will arrange a reception to the party. After feast, the astrologer declares the auspicious time for Pudamuri. Then the groom will be taken to padinjatta (the main room of house). Nilavilakku, Ashtamangalyam, paddy tender leaf of coconut, bow, mirror etc will be placed in the room. The bride who is well adorned with various types of ornaments will be led to this room. The bridegroom will give pudava (new cloth) to the bride who is facing to the eastern direction. The functions of pudamuri will end for that day. Next day the grooms relative will take the bride to grooms house after attending the function known as ‘vettilakettu’.
Uzham Porukku and Vidaram Kayaral were the special type of marriages in North Malabar. Pudamuri was an expensive affair and therefore all cannot afford this. Therefore, some depend on Uzham Porukku. The functions were same as that of pudamuri but they were less expensive and conducted in a small scale. Giving way of pudava was not done in the Sambandham of South Malabar and Kidakka Kalyanam of Palakkad. Instead of Pudava, cash will be given. The bride will not be taken to the bridegroom’s residence. Therefore, there will not be any reception.

Seemantham

Seemantham is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Seemantham is a pre-delivery ritual to be performed in the 4th month of pregnancy, but after Pumsavanam, for the health of baby and to make the delivery smooth and safe. The husband combs the hair of pregnant wife from backwards to front using a small twig, thorn of a pangolin and dharbha grass, is one of the functions connected with the ritual.

Sekom

Sekom is one of the Shodashacharangal of namboothiris. Sekom is the consummation of the marriage. It is a rite supported by Vedic chanting to be performed just before they start their wedded life and first sexual intercourse in the first night. In olden days the marriage process lasts for 4 days and ends with Sekom and the bridegroom and bride meet each other only on the 4th day.

Shodashacharangal

Shodashacharangal is the sixteen rites to be performed by the male members of Namboothiri community. Without performing the shodashacharangal a Namboothiri will not become a real Brahmin. Female members of the community are also expected to follow certain among these rites. The sixteen rites are: (1) Sekom, (2) Pumsavanam, (3) Seemantham, (4) Vishnubali, (5)Jathakarma,(6) Namakarana, (7) Nishkramanom, (8) Annaprasanam, (9) Choulam, (10)Karnavedham, (11) Upanayanam, (12) Vedarambhom, (13) Kesantham, (14) Samavarthanam, (15) Vivaham, and (16) Adhanam.

Somavaravrutham

The vrutha (penance) observed on Monday is known as Somavaravrutham. It is beneficial for married life. Prayer at Siva temple has to be done in the morning. Fasting is to be performed in daytime. During dusk, temple visit is a must. Somam is equal to “Sa + Uma” meaning to worship God with Uma (Parvathy). It is believed that Parvathy observed Somavaravrutham to get Lord Siva as her husband.

Thirandukalyanam (First puberty functions)

Thirandukalyanam is the function conducted when girls attain puberty. In olden days it was celebrated in a grand scale. It is also known as 'Thirandumanglyam', Thiruandukuli etc. When girls attain puberty, it was celebrated in a large scale. The belief was that when the girl attains puberty, the Goddess Bhagavathy enters in her body and therefore, the Goddess has to be sent away to achieve peace to the girl. As soon as the girl attains puberty the women of the family will make a peculiar loud sound known as Kurava to inform the neighbors. The girl will be seated in a room and near to her a copper vessel smeared with rice powder will be placed. A bunch of coconut flower will also be placed in the vessel. Near to that things like Ulakka (a wooden instrument for pounding paddy) and Choolu (broom) will also be placed. The girl will have to remain in the room throughout the day and night. Wearing new cloths and ornaments the Ashtamangalaya function will begin in the house. The Athikurissi lady (lady belonging to barber community) will murmur manthras in the ears of girl and drop rice on her head. On the fourth day after bathing and wearing new dresses the function ends with colourful procession and grand feast. This custom was prevalent till half a century ago. The above rites are followed by almost all sections of Hindu community with slight changes.

Udakakriya (Funeral rites/Obsequies)

A ritual carried out by the near relatives of a dead person for the sake of the departed soul. The relatives, after taking bath, will come near the ‘peetam’ in wet dress and perform bali.

Udayam

Udayam is a combination of matriarchal and patriarchal system of inheritance. It is believed that this system was prevalent during the period of Aromal Chekavar.

Upanayanam

Upanayanam is one of the Shodashacharangal of namboothiris. Upanayanam is a function performed for Namboodiri boys at the age of seven to attain status of a Brahmin. Upanayanam is a religious ceremony denoting the commencement of formal education of the boy. It is believed that they become Brahmin only after performing the ritual.
It is considered as a re-birth of the boy and performed at the age of 5 or 7 years. Wearing of sacred thread for boys is also performed on the day. He then becomes a Brahmachaari till Samaavarthanam rite is performed. During this period he has to undergo Vedic studies and obtain traditional guidance.

Upavasam (Fasting)

Upavasam is a vratha (penance) performed by fasting. There are different forms of upavasam. Fasting without food and water throughout the day is called Sudhopavasam. Taking food only once is known as Orikkal.

Uzham Porukkuka

Uzham Porukkuka is a marriage custom prevalent in North Malabar. It is also known as Vidaram Kayaruk’. It is a low cost marriage. No dress will be given to the bride. Feast will be arranged only to the relatives. The bridegroom has to go to the bride’s residence. He has no right to take the bride to his home. For this he has to wait till Pudamuri (real marriage). Sometimes, Pudamuri will be taken place after several years when their children attain the age of ten or twelve years.

Uruli Kamazthal (Placing of uruli vessel upside down)

A function performed by the married couple at Mannarsala to have good children. They used to pray before the Valiyamma of the Illam and after obtaining permission come to the temple and place a Uruli (a brass vessel) on the main entrance of the shrine. Subsequently, the Valiyamma place the Uruli upside down in the Nilavara (Cellar). It is believed that the ladies will become pregnant within 41 days of the function. After the birth of the child, the parents go to the temple with their child and perform special poojas and the Uruli that kept upside down in the Nilavara will be placed straight position.
Only this will complete the offering.

Uthradakazhcha

The practice of presenting banana bunches to Lord Krishna at the Guruvayur Temple on the Thiruvonam day of Chingam (August-September) is the Uthradakazhcha. The Melsanthi (Main Priest) has the right to place the first bunch in a plantain leaf applied with rice powder paste. After that the devotees can also submit their offerings.

Uzhinjukalayuka

A magical ritual carried out to evade evil spirits and to recover from illness. There are different forms of uzhichils known as Ariyuzhichil, Thiriuzhichil, Panthamuzhichil and so on.

Vavu

There are two Vavus that come in a month. They are Velutha Vavu (Full Moon Day) and Karutha Vavu (No Moon Day). Vrutha (penance) is to be performed on these two days. It is known as ‘Vavorikkal’ which means food is taken only once in a day. Makaravavu and Karkidakavavu are very special. Vavubali is performed on this day. The important Vavubali Centres are Shangumukham beach in Thiruvananthapuram, Papanasam beach in Varkala, banks of river Periyar at Aluva and sandy shore of Bharathapuzha at Thirunavaya. The vavu coming after Sivarathri in Kumbhom (February-March) is also important.

Vedarambhom

Vedarambhom is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Vedarambom is the starting of studying Vedas by chanting it under the guidance of teachers. In olden days, the boy had to study all the Samhithas, Vedas Upanishads etc.

Vettakanikkal

Vettakanikanal was a function undertaken by Nairs of old times before they proceed for battle. In order to show blood before battle, they used to make a small wound with sword on the neck of other. People voluntarily came forward for this function.

Vishnubali

Vishnubali is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Vishnubali is a rite to please the God Vishnu.

Vivaham (Marriage)

Vivaham is one of the Shodashacharangal of Namboothiris. Vivaham is the Marriage rituals to be celebrated in the traditional manner. Marriage is Veli for bridegroom's party and Penkoda (giving the girl to another family), for bride's family. In olden days marriage was a four-day ceremony, which has been limited to one day, and traditional rites are performed symbolically. Vivaham is a public function organised by the relatives of the bride and bridegroom to start male-female union and family life with the approval of the society. The groom will tie thali on the bride’s neck and give pudava (cloth) to her. This practice is generally followed by almost all caste in Kerala.

Vivahanichayam

Vivahanichayam is a marriage agreement. The function of Vivahanichyam is held at the bride residence where both the parties sit together in front of Nilavilakku (holy lamp) and Nirapara. The horoscope of the bride and bridegroom will be disclosed and obtained consent for marriage. Then, the astrologer will be consulted to fix an auspicious day for the marriage. An agreement of consent will also be executed in a paper, the four sides of which is marked with turmeric paste, and exchange each other.

Vrutha (Penance)

A function organised with special customs and practices. The upavasa (fasting) is performed to wipe out sins and attain blessings or moksha. People observe Vrutha on Ekadashi, Vavu, Pradosham, Sivarathri, Monday (Somavara Vrutha) and Ashtami Rohini day. Vrutha is to be performed as total fasting and as orikkal (taking food only once in the day).