An edict is a decree or announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism, but it can be under any official authority. Synonyms include "dictum" and "pronouncement". Edict derives from the Latin edictum.
The important edicts discovered in Kerala and from some regions falling in the present day Tamil Nadu are Edicts of Ashoka, Mamballi Plates, Palayoor Pattayam, Paliyam Copper Plates, Pattazhy Chembolakaranam (copper plate), Tharisapalli Plates, Veeraraghava Pattayam, Velvikkudi Cheppedukal.
The earliest stone inscription with a reference on Kerala is the Edicts of Ashoka (BC 274-237). Kerala is mentioned as "Keralaputho" (meaning Kerala Puthra) in the second and thirteenth Ashoka Sthambhas. It may be noted that Kerala is not mentioned as "Cheram" while "Cholas" and the "Pandyas" are named as such. The second inscription in the Edicts of Ashoka says charity hospitals for humans and animals were established in the neighbouring regions ruled by the Cholas, Pandyas, Satyaputra, Keralaputra and the Thambapanni (present day Sree Lanka). It also said that trees were grown and ponds were dug on the pathways for the sake of humans and animals. The rock inscription was found to be installed at six locations. The thirteenth inscription in the Edicts of Ashoka says about the Dharma Vijaya achieved outside the kingdom of Ashoka that extended up to Tamil Nadu.
English Translation of Edict - iiEverywhere in the dominions of king Devanampriya Priyadarsin and (of those) who (are his) borderers, such as the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiyaputa, the Kelalaputa, Tamraparni, the Yona (Greek) king named Antiyoga (Antiochus), and the other kings who are the neighbours of this Antiyoga, everywhere two (kinds of) medical men were established by king Devanampriya Priyadarsin, (viz.) medical treatment for men and medical treatment for cattle.Wherever there were no herbs beneficial to men and beneficial to cattle, everywhere they were caused to be imported and to be planted. Likewise, wherever there were no roots and fruits, everywhere they were caused to be imported and to be planted. On the roads trees were planted, and wells were caused to be dug for the use of cattle and men. (Translation by E. Hultzsch (1857-1927). Published in India in 1925. Inscriptions of Asoka p.28. Public Domain) |
The earliest inscriptions to refer Kollavarsham (the Malayalam era) are the Mamballi plates discovered from the Mamballi Madhom at Keezhattingal near Attingal in Thiruvananthapuram district. The copper plates are named after the Mamballi Madhom from where they were discovered. The inscriptions that date back to AD 974 reveal some historic incidents of that period. They helped historians to determine the period of Kulasekhara rulers Bhaskararavi and Indukothavarma. The record is engraved on both sides of a single copper plate in Vattezhuthu with Grantha characters in an early form of Malayalam. It is now kept at Padmanabhapuram Palace Museum. The plates have the earliest reference on the Panankavu Palace of the Venad rulers. The notable portion in the Mamballi plates is one describing a meeting attended by Venad ruler Sreevallabhan Kotha, Adichan Umayamma of Thirukkalayapuram, members of the Chengannur temple administration committee including one Poduval at the Panammavil palace in Kollam. The meeting finalised the administrative rules for the Ayiroor temple and Chittoor Nada. The plates also say about a man who donated land to the Chengannur temple.
The Palayoor Pattayam is copper plate inscriptions discovered at the St Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Church at Palayoor in Thrissur district. The church is believed to be established by St. Thomas the Apostle in AD 52. The pattayam written in AD 1606 (Kollavarsham 781) says about Kuttancheri Eravi Narayanan, an individual, giving some land to the church vicar as interest towards a loan. It was written by Madakkavil Chathappa Menon and a witness to the deal named Kothanalloor Nambudiri. The pattayam speaks about the communal harmony that existed during the period - the church's money is lent to a non-Christian and the witness for the deal too is a non- Christian.
The Paliyam copper plates, also known as "Sreemoolavasam cheppedukal" were issued by Ay king Vikramaditya Varagunan in the fifteenth year of his rule. The topic of the plates is the donation of land to Thirumoolavadam (Sreemoolavasam), a Buddhist institution. The plates were discovered by T. A. Gopinatha Rao. According to Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, the plates date back to AD 929 (Makaram 7, ME 104). But M.G.S. Narayanan is of opinion that these date back to AD 898, which has more. According to the inscription, a huge number of land holdings were donated to the Sreemoolavasam. The upkeep of the lands is believed to have been vested with Prince Indukotha, heir to the throne, during the reign of Veerakotha Kulasekhara. A mangalacharana praising Buddha, dharma, and sangha is inscribed in the plates. They also mention about Paranthaka Chola's attack on Kerala. The Paliyam Plates include passages that mention the king to be from the Vrishni-kula and Yadava-vamsa, which helps identify Vikramaditya Varaguna as the likely source. According to these plates, Vikramaditya made a donation of certain lands in the Ay country to the deity of Srimulavasa Buddhist vihara (somewhere in central Kerala, in the kingdom of the Chera/Perumals). The inscription is compiled in Tamil script (Tamil language) and Nagari script (Sanskrit). Paliyam Copper Plates open with three Sanskrit slokas in praise of Soudhodani (Buddha), Dharmasangha (Dharma) and Avalokitesvara. It describes Varaguna as the "Lord of Vizhinjam" and a member of the "Vrisni Race", and shows arrangements made by the king - probably the Chera/Perumal king - to protect the plot handed over to the Srimulavasa vihara. It is tentatively concluded that the king had appointed Vira Kota, a member of the Chera/Perumal family, to protect the plot. The plates contain request to the king's descendants to "uphold dharma" and protect the donted land and a general appeal to all people to turn to "acts of benevolence". Tamil portions show the boundaries of the plot donated. These plates confirm the presence of Buddhism and use of Nagari script and Sanskrit in the 9th-century in South India.
The copper plate inscription dating back to AD 1796 (Kollavarsham 971) was discovered from the Pattazhy Bhagavathy temple in Kottarakara taluk. It is about the Akavur Nambudiripad imposing a fine over the villagers who did not oblige to the power of Kambithan who supervised the temple properties. The inscription reveals the relation between Ooralar and Karalar in the temple affairs in the 18th century.
The Tharisapalli copper plates document Venad ruler Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal's donation of a region and its administration to Tharisapalli church in Kollam established by Marsapir Imbo. Venad Adikal was a ruler under the Kulasekhara king Sthanu Ravi Perumal and the donation was in the fifth year (AD 849) of the latter's reign. Though the plates belong to Kollam, these title deeds are kept at the Syrian Christian Church, Kottayam and Marthoma Church, Thiruvalla and are known as "Kottayam cheppedukal". These are the first important inscriptions in the state of which the exact date was found. As per historic documents, the first Venad ruler is the Ayyanadikal who issued these title deeds. The ancient inscriptions also provide information on Kerala's Muslim community. It has references to Anchuvannam, Manigramam, both trading organisations, Arunoottavar, labour tax, sales tax and vehicle tax. The inscriptions prove that Venad was a province under the Kulasekhara dynasty.
The Thiruvalangadu plates was issued by Raja Raja Chola (AD 1012-1044). The inscription describes the invasion of Vizhinjam by the king thus: "Ee sooryavamsha vibhooshanante dandadhikari, samudraparikhavum thungabhasuraprakaaravum anyaveeragamyavum vijayadevatha nithyasankethavumaya Vizhinjam swadhikarathilaakki". The plates describe Raja Raja Chola as "Kanthalloor Chalai Kalamarutha Rajaraja thevar" meaning the king put an end to the food distribution, Veda learning and weapon training at the Kanthalloor Sala. According to the inscription, Devadasis were sold to temples. The myth that Parasurama created the state by throwing his axe too finds place in the plates.
A copper inscription stating that after the Kulasekharas, the king of Perumbadappa based at Mahodayapuram, Veeraraghavachakravarti ceded 'Makotaipattanam' to 'Cheraman Lokaperum Chetti', 'Manikiramapatta' (Manigram) and some other rights. Makotaipatnam is Mahodayapuram. Based on the planetary position in the inscription, the period is AD. 774. Also known as the Syrian Christian Bronze Age, this statement gives the Christian merchant Irvi Corton a number of trade rights and privileges, including a monopoly on foreign trade. Historians see this inscription as an example of the religious tolerance and protection of minorities of the Kerala kings.
The Velvikudi inscription is an 8th-century bilingual copper-plate grant from the Pandya kingdom of southern India. Inscribed in Sanskrit and Tamil languages, it records the renewal of a grant of the Velvikudi village to a Brahman by the Pandya king Nedunjadaiyan Varaguna-varman I alias Jatila Parantaka (r. c. 768—815 CE) in c. 769-770 CE.